However, the ILP has only ever been reported for English, and it may be that printed English and other Latinate languages lends itself unusually well to producing the phenomenon. In particular, letters in English have a constant size and shape within a typeface and, when printed, are spatially separable and distinct like the words on this page. Under these conditions, therefore, word recognition processes for Latinate languages may be unusually adept at using cues from the letters that are present in a stimulus to produce the ILP.
Figure 1. Readers can experience the illusion by placing the page at a viewing distance of 3m depending on eyesight and moving slowly towards the stimuli. At some point, complete words become visible, including distinct letters in interior positions. To address the generalisability of the ILP, therefore, we investigated the phenomenon using a language with very different characteristics from English and other Latinate languages; Arabic.
Arabic has the second most used alphabet in human societies, after the Latin alphabet. These characteristics contrast strongly with those of Latinate languages and so Arabic provides a powerful assessment of the generalisibility of the ILP across different alphabetic systems.
Indeed, if the ILP occurs for Arabic, this would suggest that alphabetic languages generally are susceptible to the phenomenon and reading these languages may be augmented by illusory percepts. Twelve illusory stimuli were formed from twelve, three-letter Arabic words in which the middle letter was replaced by a nonsense pattern composed only of dots see Figure 2.
Following the procedure of the original study Jordan et al. All stimuli were presented one above the other in a vertical column in high contrast black on white and were viewed under bright lighting conditions. Each stimulus measured approximately 25 mm horizontally. Figure 2. Examples of illusory stimuli used in the present study. Participants were 20 fluent, native Arabic readers from Dubai, aged between 18 and 21 years. The experimental items were then presented and participants read out loud what they saw for each stimulus.
In addition, participants were required at regular intervals to identify which stimuli were the most legible. Indeed, when requested during each session, participants were unable to distinguish between normal and illusory stimuli, and traced the outline of all three letters in illusory stimuli with their fingers even though no letter was physically present in any interior position.
These findings indicate that the ILP is not restricted to English, and that the phenomenon is a characteristic common across very different alphabetic systems. As Jordan et al. Thus, even when letter content is physically incomplete, overall shape information in Arabic and other alphabetic systems may generate sufficient lexical activation to produce the illusion of complete words containing all their component letters.
An additional source may be the identification of individual letters that requires only a cursory analysis of their physical characteristics, and this process may be assisted by interactive influences that feedback from the word level to reinforce the perception of a complete array of letters e.
A multi-stream model of visual word recognition. Illusory conjunctions in the perception of Chinese characters. Grainger, J. We are actively working to expand the range of supported languages. Nice, User-Friendly, Easy to use. Also it can convert, split and merge documents. Try 'Aspose. All Rights Reserved. Toggle navigation. Log In. Account Settings. Products Aspose. Words Product Solution Aspose. Cells Product Solution Aspose. Email Product Solution Aspose. Slides Product Solution Aspose.
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