Special attention must be put on possible underlying illnesses and on medicines taken by the patient see Table 4 Tab.
That apart, there are no clear therapeutic guidelines for disorders of the taste function. Treatments with corticoids and vitamin A are often attempted, but there is a lack of convincing clinical studies see [ ]. The same applies for studies involving acupuncture [ ]. For BMS, tricyclic antidepressants amitryptyline, imipramine appear to improve the abnormal sensation [ ].
Successful treatments have been also carried out with clonazepam or diazepam [ ]; Gabapentin appears to be ineffective [ ].
In recent years validated and reliable methods have been developed for testing the ability to smell and taste, and these methods allow detailed investigation of these senses. Although some of the methods are very simple, they would, for example, allow determination of the ability to smell and taste for quality control purposes, both before and after surgical procedures. Even though a few treatments currently exist, blinded studies are absolutely necessary in order to separate the effect of a treatment from the spontaneous remission of smell and taste disorders.
Doty RL. Informa Healthcare. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online Apr Basile N. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Smell and taste disorders can markedly affect the quality of life. Keywords: olfaction, gustation, flavor, anosmia, dysgeusia.
Introduction In a recent review [ 1 ] three functions were assigned to the senses of smell and taste, namely a warning of danger, interpersonal communication and importance for eating and drinking. The sense of smell 2. Qualitative smell disorders A distinction is made here between parosmia and phantosmia.
Open in a separate window. Table 1. Table 2. Relative degree of olfactory dysfunction associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The majority of the findings are based on studies on small groups of patients. Smell disorders accompanying neurological illnesses Smell disorders accompany many neurodegenerative illnesses [ 64 ], [ 65 ] and are important for their early and differential diagnosis.
Table 3. Electrophysiological procedures to study olfaction Objective testing of smell disorders can be performed using olfactory event-related potentials OERPs [ ]. Volumetric evaluation of the bulbus olfactorius BO The BO is deemed to be the relay station between the peripheral olfactory system and central brain structures. Biopsies from the olfactory regions Numerous publications in recent years have described the value of biopsies from the olfactory regions [ ], [ ], [ ].
Predictive factors The prognosis for a smell disorder basically depends on its cause. Non-surgical treatment of sinunasal smell disorders Corticoids are used as topical and systemic treatments of sinunasal disease [ ]. Non-surgical treatment of other smell disorders With regard to the treatment of other, non-sinunasal smell disorders, treatments, which are not proven to be efficient include treatment with oestrogens [ ] but see also [ 50 ] , zinc [ ], [ ], [ ], minocycline [ ], vitamin A at a dose of 10, I.
The sense of taste 3. Table 4. Summary and outlook Smell and taste disorders can markedly affect the quality of life. References 1. Stevenson RJ. An initial evaluation of the functions of human olfaction. Chem Senses. Impact of olfactory impairment on quality of life and disability. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Characteristics of olfactory disorders in relation to major causes of olfactory loss.
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